PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF SOCIAL AND PROFESSIONAL GROUPS / RESEARCH PAPER
Assessing the potential impact of gender on health indicators: variations in behavior and physical condition
1
Department of Entertainment Industries, Faculty of Creative Industries, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
Submission date: 2024-07-11
Final revision date: 2024-09-22
Acceptance date: 2024-09-23
Online publication date: 2024-10-02
Corresponding author
Stanislav Dadelo
Department of Entertainment Industries, Faculty of Creative Industries, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
Department of Entertainment Industries, Faculty of Creative Industries, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
Health Prob Civil. 2026;20(2):215-230
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Background:
Given the fundamental differences between men and women and the lack of understanding about the markers that significantly influence their overall health indices, a study in this area is vital. This study aimed to compare the behavioral traits and physical state of men’s and women’s bodies as health indicators.
Material and methods:
There were 106 male and 51 female students overall. The research participants self-reported using 21 criteria applied to groups of health component variables (condition and activity indicators).
Results:
There were established statistical differences between the averages of men and women for every physical condition variable. The nutrition indicator displayed similar and different traits in both males and females. The two study groups’ indices of physical activity intensity differed noticeably.
Conclusions:
Individual health can be effectively managed if health components are adequately evaluated and planned for. This enables food and exercise plans to be created to achieve the desired body condition parameters. Gender, therefore, is a major factor in the puzzle of adaptation outcomes which influence the body’s physiological reactions to various stimuli and irritations and ultimately determine health.
Given the fundamental differences between men and women and the lack of understanding about the markers that significantly influence their overall health indices, a study in this area is vital. This study aimed to compare the behavioral traits and physical state of men’s and women’s bodies as health indicators.
Material and methods:
There were 106 male and 51 female students overall. The research participants self-reported using 21 criteria applied to groups of health component variables (condition and activity indicators).
Results:
There were established statistical differences between the averages of men and women for every physical condition variable. The nutrition indicator displayed similar and different traits in both males and females. The two study groups’ indices of physical activity intensity differed noticeably.
Conclusions:
Individual health can be effectively managed if health components are adequately evaluated and planned for. This enables food and exercise plans to be created to achieve the desired body condition parameters. Gender, therefore, is a major factor in the puzzle of adaptation outcomes which influence the body’s physiological reactions to various stimuli and irritations and ultimately determine health.
REFERENCES (62)
1.
World Health Organization. The second ten years of the World Health Organization, 1958-1967. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1968.
2.
Moñivas JR. Biology, culture and environment: methodological and epistemological principles for an integrative social theory. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science. 2023; 57(2): 444-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124....
3.
Olson DR, Astington JW, Zelazo PD. Introduction: Actions, intentions, and attributions. In: Olson DR, Astington JW, Zelazo PD, editors. Developing theories of intention. London: Psychology Press; 2023. p. 1-14.
4.
Dadelo S, Turskis Z, Zavadskas EK, Kačerauskas T, Dadelienė R. Is the evaluation of the students’ values possible? An integrated approach to determining the weights of students’ personal goals using multiple-criteria methods. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education. 2016; 12(11): 2771-81. https://doi.org/10.12973/euras....
5.
Barevičiūtė J, Dadelo S, Asakavičiūtė V. The skills of critical thinking, creativity, and communication as tools for overcoming social simulation in the context of sustainability: a case study of students’ self-assessment of the affective domain of learning. Sustainability. 2023; 15(14): 10935. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1514....
6.
Tomé A, Rosa MC, Silva E. Advancing health literacy in the technological era: the role of serious games in promoting body awareness among older adults. In: Garcia MB, Pereira de Almeida RP. Transformative approaches to patient literacy and healthcare innovation. Hershey: IGI Global; 2024. p. 65-88. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-....
7.
Fioranelli F, Le Kernec J, Shah SA. Radar for health care: recognizing human activities and monitoring vital signs. IEEE Potentials. 2019; 38(4): 16-23. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPOT.2....
8.
Hemmingsson E, Nowicka P, Ulijaszek S, Sørensen TI. The social origins of obesity within and across generations. Obesity Reviews. 2023; 24(1): e13514. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13....
9.
Shaik T, Tao X, Higgins N, Li L, Gururajan R, Zhou X, et al. Remote patient monitoring using artificial intelligence: current state, applications, and challenges. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. 2023; 13(2): e1485. https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1....
10.
Krylovas A, Kosareva N, Dadelo S. Algorithm for determination of indicators predicting health status for health monitoring process optimization. Mathematics. 2024; 12(8): 1232. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12....
11.
Warming L, Hassager C, Christiansen C. Changes in bone mineral density with age in men and women: a longitudinal study. Osteoporosis International. 2002; 13: 105-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198....
12.
Karastergiou K, Smith SR, Greenberg AS, Fried SK. Sex differences in human adipose tissues – the biology of pear shape. Biology of Sex Differences. 2012; 3: 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1186/2042-6....
13.
Hägg S, Jylhävä J. Sex differences in biological aging with a focus on human studies. Elife. 2021; 10: e63425. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.....
14.
Blackburn H, Jacobs Jr D. Commentary: origins and evolution of body mass index (BMI): continuing saga. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2014; 43(3): 665-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dy....
15.
World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation. Geneva: WHO; 2008.
16.
Regulation A. The Army Body Composition Program. Washington, DC.: Department of the Army; 2013.
17.
Pomeroy E, Macintosh A, Wells JC, Cole TJ, Stock JT. Relationship between body mass, lean mass, fat mass, and limb bone cross‐sectional geometry: implications for estimating body mass and physique from the skeleton. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2018; 166(1): 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.2....
18.
Manual AP. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2007.
19.
Sartor F, Bonato M, Papini G, Bosio A, Mohammed RA, Bonomi AG, et al. A 45-second self-test for cardiorespiratory fitness: heart rate-based estimation in healthy individuals. PloS One. 2016; 11(12): e0168154. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa....
20.
Guo Y, Bian J, Li Q, Leavitt T, Rosenberg EI, Buford TW, et al. A 3-minute test of cardiorespiratory fitness for use in primary care clinics. PLoS One. 2018; 13(7): e0201598. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa....
21.
Liu X, Luo X, Liu Y, Sun X, Han C, Zhang L, et al. Resting heart rate and risk of metabolic syndrome in adults: a dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies. Acta Diabetologica. 2017; 54: 223-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592....
22.
Nanchen D. Resting heart rate: what is normal?. Heart. 2018; 104(13): 1048-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartj....
23.
Bassett DR, Howley ET. Maximal oxygen uptake: “classical” versus “contemporary” viewpoints. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1997; 29: 591-603. https://doi.org/10.1097/000057....
24.
Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D, et al. Joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: methodology and discussion. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2015; 11(8): 931-52. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.4....
25.
Verboeket-Van De Venne WP, Westerterp KR, Kester AD. Effect of the pattern of food intake on human energy metabolism. British Journal of Nutrition. 1993; 70(1): 103-15. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN199....
26.
Ansu Baidoo VY, Zee PC, Knutson KL. Racial and ethnic differences in eating duration and meal timing: Findings from NHANES 2011-2018. Nutrients. 2022; 14(12): 2428. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu1412....
27.
Faizan U, Rouster AS. Nutrition and hydration requirements in children and adults. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
28.
Britten P, Marcoe K, Yamini S, Davis C. Development of food intake patterns for the MyPyramid Food Guidance System. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2006; 38(6): S78-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb....
29.
Campbell B, editor. Sports nutrition: enhancing athletic performance. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2013. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16045.
30.
Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Herrmann SD, Meckes N, Bassett Jr DR, Tudor-Locke C, et al. 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: a second update of codes and MET values. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2011; 43(8): 1575-81. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b....
31.
Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM, Carlson SA, Fulton JE, Galuska DA, et al. The physical activity guidelines for Americans. Jama. 2018; 320(19): 2020-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2....
32.
Hunter SK, Angadi SS, Bhargava A, Harper J, Hirschberg AL, Levine BD, et al. The biological basis of sex differences in athletic performance: consensus statement for the American College of Sports Medicine. Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine. 2023; 8(4): 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1249/TJX.00....
33.
Tarnopolsky MA, Saris WH. Evaluation of gender differences in physiology: an introduction. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care. 2001; 4(6): 489-92. https://doi.org/10.1097/000751....
34.
Tosi LL, Boyan BD, Boskey AL. Does sex matter in musculoskeletal health?: The influence of sex and gender on musculoskeletal health. JBJS. 2005; 87(7): 1631-47. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.E....
35.
Ponti F, Santoro A, Mercatelli D, Gasperini C, Conte M, Martucci M, et al. Aging and imaging assessment of body composition: from fat to facts. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2020; 10: 861. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.....
36.
Mauvais-Jarvis F. Sex differences in energy metabolism: natural selection, mechanisms and consequences. Nature Reviews Nephrology. 2024; 20(1): 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581....
37.
Frank AP, de Souza Santos R, Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. Determinants of body fat distribution in humans may provide insight about obesity-related health risks. Journal of Lipid Research. 2019; 60(10): 1710-9. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R0....
38.
Gavin KM, Bessesen DH. Sex differences in adipose tissue function. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics. 2020; 49(2): 215-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.....
39.
Weedon BD, Esser P, Collett J, Izadi H, Joshi S, Meaney A, et al. The relationship between motor competence physical activity cardiorespiratory fitness and BMI in UK adolescents. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2024; 95(2): 482-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/027013....
40.
Vilaca T, Eastell R, Schini M. Osteoporosis in men. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2022; 10(4): 273-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-....
41.
Ryczkowska K, Adach W, Janikowski K, Banach M, Bielecka-Dabrowa A. Menopause and women’s cardiovascular health: is it really an obvious relationship?. Archives of Medical Science. 2023; 19(2):458. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms/1....
42.
Kelly DM, Jones TH. Testosterone: a metabolic hormone in health and disease. Journal of Endocrinology. 2013; 217(3): R25-45. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-12....
43.
Krupa-Kotara K, Markowski J, Gdańska A, Grajek M, Działach E, Szlachta G, et al. Global self-esteem, body composition, and physical activity in Polish university students. Nutrients. 2023; 15(18): 3907. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu1518....
44.
Alahmari KA, Rengaramanujam K, Reddy RS, Samuel PS, Kakaraparthi VN, Ahmad I, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a correlate of cardiovascular, anthropometric, and physical risk factors: using the Ruffier test as a template. Canadian Respiratory Journal. 2020; 2020(1): 3407345. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3....
45.
Wiecha S, Kasiak PS, Cieśliński I, Takken T, Palka T, Knechtle B, et al. External validation of VO2max prediction models based on recreational and elite endurance athletes. PLoS One. 2023; 18(1): e0280897. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa....
46.
Armstrong N, Welsman J, Winsley R. Is peak VO2 a maximal index of children’s aerobic fitness?. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1996; 17(05): 356-9. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007....
47.
Gualdi-Russo E, Zaccagni L. Physical activity for health and wellness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(15): 7823. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph....
48.
Brown C, Cook JA, Jonikas JA, Steigman PJ, Burke-Miller J, Hamilton MM, et al. Nutrition and exercise for wellness and recovery: a randomized controlled trial of a community-based health intervention. Psychiatric Services. 2023; 74(5): 463-71. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.p....
49.
Schweitzer R, Schlögl S, Schweitzer M. Technology-supported behavior change—applying design thinking to mhealth application development. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2024; 14(3): 584-608. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe....
50.
Braitman LE, Adlin EV, Stanton Jr JL. Obesity and caloric intake: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 1971 1975 (HANES I). Journal of Chronic Diseases. 1985; 38(9): 727-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9....
51.
Haven J. Make Every Bite Count with the Dietary Guidelines, 2020-2025: Start Simple with MyPlate! [Internet]. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture [access 2024 Jul 23]. Available from: https://www.usda.gov/sites/def....
52.
World Health Organization. Healthy diet (No. WHO-EM/NUT/282/E). Cairo: World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean; 2019.
53.
Neufeld LM, Hendriks S, Hugas M. Healthy diet: a definition for the United Nations Food systems summit 2021. In: von Braun J, Afsana K, Fresco LO, Ali Hassan MH. Science and innovations for food systems transformation. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2023. p. 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-....
54.
Cameron JD, Cyr MJ, Doucet E. Increased meal frequency does not promote greater weight loss in subjects who were prescribed an 8-week equi-energetic energy-restricted diet. British Journal of Nutrition. 2010; 103(8): 1098-101. https://doi.org/10.1017/S00071....
55.
Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Alonso A, Beaton AZ, Bittencourt MS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2022 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022; 145(8): e153-639. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.00... JR, de Jong JM, Sinha S, Westerterp KR, Yamada Y, Sagayama H, et al. Total daily energy expenditure has declined over the past three decades due to declining basal expenditure, not reduced.
57.
Redman LM, Kraus WE, Bhapkar M, Das SK, Racette SB, Martin CK, et al. Energy requirements in nonobese men and women: results from CALERIE. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2014; 99(1): 71-8. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.1....
58.
Shiroma EJ, Sesso HD, Moorthy MV, Buring JE, Lee IM. Do moderate‐intensity and vigorous‐intensity physical activities reduce mortality rates to the same extent?. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2014; 3(5): e000802. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.1....
59.
Kaminsky LA, Montoye AH. Physical activity and health: what is the best dose?. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2014; 3(5): e001430. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.1....
60.
Cardoos N. Overtraining syndrome. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2015; 14(3): 157-8. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.00....
61.
Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2011; 43(7): 1334-59. https:// doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318213fefb.
62.
Bickel CS, Slade J, Mahoney ED, Haddad F, Dudley GA, Adams GR. Time course of molecular responses of human skeletal muscle to acute bouts of resistance exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2005; 98(2): 482-8. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplp....
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2354-0265 |
| ISSN: | 2353-6942 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
