Diseases of civilization, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer, remain a major public health burden in Poland. Preventive health care, consistent with the WHO and EU guidelines, helps reduce modifiable risk factors and supports early detection of non-communicable diseases. The aim of the study was to analyze preventive programs implemented in Poland between 2021 and 2025, with emphasis on screening initiatives and activities in primary health care. The study was based on documents from the National Health Fund and the Ministry of Health, as well as the WHO and European Commission guidelines, assessing national programs and their compliance with international standards. The introduction of the “My Health – Adult Health Assessment” program enabled comprehensive adult health assessment and replaced the earlier “Prophylaxis 40+” initiative. Updated cervical and breast cancer screening programs expanded access to cytology, HPV testing, and mammography. Primary care applies the SCORE algorithm to assess cardiovascular risk, while educational activities increasingly address socioeconomic determinants of health. Preventive programs in Poland support early detection of lifestyle related diseases, reduction of risk factors, and promotion of healthy behaviors. Further development should focus on strengthening health education and reducing social inequalities to enhance long term effectiveness.